E.M.F. vs. Terminal Potential Difference Terminal Potential Difference The terminal potential difference (p.d.) is the potential difference across the terminals of a cell If there was no internal r...
Internal Resistance All power supplies have some resistance between their terminals This is called internal resistance (r) Internal resistance causes some electrical energy to be transformed...
Electromotive Force When charge passes through a power supply such as a battery, it gains electrical energy The electromotive force (e.m.f.) is defined as: The amount of chemical energy converted t...
Potential Dividers & Variable Resistance The Potentiometer A potentiometer is a single component which can act as a potential divider. It consists of a coil of wire with a sliding contact A var...
Potential Dividers The electrical voltages rule is defined as: The sum of the e.m.f.s in a closed circuit loop is equal to the sum of the potential differences around that loop Therefore, wh...
Potential Difference & Conductor Length Potential Difference A cell makes one end of the circuit positive and the other negative. This sets up a potential difference across the circuit The pote...
A-Level 商务（Business Management）和A-Level 经济（Economy）都是商科方向的课程。于是有很多学生会在选课阶段对着两门课程纠结不已，不知道究竟该选择哪门课程。事实上，虽然A-Level 商务（Business Manageme...
Calculating Current & Drift Velocity Drift Velocity In a conductor, the current is due to the movement of charge carriers The charge carriers can be negative or positive However current ...
Core Practical 2: Investigating Resistivity Aims of the Experiment The aim of the experiment is to determine the resistivity of a length of wire Variables Independent variable = Length, L, of the w...
