Lattice Energy: Ionic Charge & Radius The two key factors which affect lattice energy, ΔHlattꝋ, are the charge and radius of the ions that make up the crystalline lattice Ionic radius The latti...
Calculations Using Born-Haber Cycles Once a Born-Haber cycle has been constructed, it is possible to calculate the lattice energy (ΔHlattꝋ) by applying Hess’s law and rearranging: ΔHfꝋ = ΔHatꝋ + ΔH...
Constructing Born-Haber Cycles To calculate the lattice energy (ΔHlattꝋ) of an ionic compound, a Born-Haber cycle is used, which is a special type of energy cycle To find the ΔHlattꝋ of an ionic co...
Electron Affinity Electron affinity The first electron affinity (EA1) is the enthalpy change when 1 mole of electrons is added to 1 mole of gaseous atoms, to form 1 mole of gaseous ions each with a...
Lattice Energy & Enthalpy Change of Atomisation Enthalpy change (ΔH) refers to the amount of heat energy transferred during a chemical reaction, at a constant pressure Enthalpy change of atomis...
Detecting Bromine & Chlorine Atoms Using M+2 Peak The presence of bromine or chlorine atoms in a compound gives rise to a [M+2] and possibly [M+4] peak Chlorine Chlorine exists as two isotopes,...
Determine Number of Carbon Atoms Using M+1 Peak The [M+1] peak is caused by the presence of the carbon-13 (13C) isotope in the molecule Carbon-13 makes up approximately 1.1% of all carbon atoms The...
Mass Spectrometry: Deducing Molecular Formula Each peak in the mass spectrum corresponds to a certain fragment with a particular m/e value The peak with the highest m/e value is the molecular ion (...
Calculating Relative Atomic Mass Isotopes are different atoms of the same element that contain the same number of protons and electrons but a different number of neutrons. These are atoms of the sa...
