Energy Values of Respiratory Substrates Glucose is the main respiratory substrate for aerobic respiration in most cells When the supply of glucose in a cell has been used up a cell may continue res...
ATP: Universal Energy Currency Energy released during the reactions of respiration is transferred to the molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP) ATP is a small and soluble molecule that provides a sh...
The Need for Energy Living organisms are composed of cells, and within each cell, many activities and processes are constantly being carried out to maintain life Work in a living organism requires ...
Vaccination to Control Disease With the exception of the great success story surrounding the eradication of Smallpox following a ten year global initiative in 1980 no other pathogen has been eradic...
How Vaccines Work A vaccine is a suspension of antigens that are intentionally put into the body to induce artificial active immunity. A specific immune response where antibodies are released by pl...
Types of Immunity Active immunity Active immunity is acquired when an antigen enters the body triggering a specific immune response (antibodies are produced) Active immunity is naturally acquired t...
Use of Monoclonal Antibodies Diagnostic uses of monoclonal antibodies Monoclonal antibodies can be used diagnostically for: Pregnancy tests Diagnosing HIV Detecting the presence of pathogens such a...
The Hybridoma Method Monoclonal antibodies are artificially produced antibodies produced from a single B cell clone The hybridoma method is a method used to make monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) The me...
Antibodies: Structure & Functions Structure Antibodies are globular glycoproteins called immunoglobulins Antibodies have a quaternary structure (which is represented as Y-shaped), with two ‘hea...
