Lattice Energy & Enthalpy Change of Atomisation Enthalpy change (ΔH) refers to the amount of heat energy transferred during a chemical reaction, at a constant pressure Enthalpy change of atomis...
Detecting Bromine & Chlorine Atoms Using M+2 Peak The presence of bromine or chlorine atoms in a compound gives rise to a [M+2] and possibly [M+4] peak Chlorine Chlorine exists as two isotopes,...
Determine Number of Carbon Atoms Using M+1 Peak The [M+1] peak is caused by the presence of the carbon-13 (13C) isotope in the molecule Carbon-13 makes up approximately 1.1% of all carbon atoms The...
Mass Spectrometry: Deducing Molecular Formula Each peak in the mass spectrum corresponds to a certain fragment with a particular m/e value The peak with the highest m/e value is the molecular ion (...
Calculating Relative Atomic Mass Isotopes are different atoms of the same element that contain the same number of protons and electrons but a different number of neutrons. These are atoms of the sa...
Interpreting Mass Spectra Mass spectroscopy is an analytical technique used to identify unknown compounds The molecules in the small sample are bombarded with high energy electrons which can cause ...
Interpreting IR Spectra Infrared (IR) spectroscopy is a technique used to identify compounds based on changes in vibrations of atoms when they absorb IR of certain frequencies A spectrophotometer i...
Analysis of Synthetic Routes Students should be able to critically analyse given synthetic routes and determine whether appropriate reagents and reaction conditions are used Students should also be...
Multi-step Synthetic Routes Many organic molecules are made in multi-step synthetic routes Students should be able to recall the different reactions each functional group undergoes and apply this k...
